1.陈述不是“常识”的信息：

① [use relevant style guide’s in-text citation format]

② As [Author] indicated/ stated/ discovered

③ According to [Author]

2.根据具体数据得出结论，推断或建议含义：

① suggests

② as evidenced/ suggested/ indicated by

③ based on

④can be seen/ observed when

⑤as seen in

⑥which is made apparent when

⑦is demonstrated by/ through/ when

⑧hinges on

3.区分概念：

①in a similar case

②unlike the case of

③in the same way

④as a case in point

⑤in a typical situation

⑥in a normal scenario

4.通过突出特定情况强调一点：

①for example

②indeed

③in fact

④notably

⑤markedly

⑥as a case in point